Periodontal diseases are the most commonly occurred diseases in the oral cavity with a widespread distribution around the globe. Variation in periodontal tissues associated with the aging and gender of the patient. The aim of this study was to determine relationship of age with periodontal diseases for males and females in Bangladeshi people. This study was conducted on 1837 patients visiting Department of Periodontology & Oral Medicine, Update Dental College & Hospital, from January 2017 to December 2018 (2 years) through a non-interventional cross-sectional method using descriptive and analytical statistics. Periodontal disease is the dependent variable of this study; patient age and gender serve as the independent variable. Total 37.5 % patients suffered from periodontitis and 62.5% suffered from gingivitis. Up to 48 years of age the prevalence of gingivitis was higher (70.64%) but periodontitis was more common (64.76%) in case of people over 48 years age. There is a significant (p<0.05) correlation between age and periodontal diseases exists in this study but no significant (p>0.05) correlation identified with gender. Distribution of periodontal diseases shows similar pattern between female (gingivitis=62.61%, periodontitis=37.53%) and male (gingivitis=62.47%, periodontitis=37.39%).Periodontal diseases are primarily correlating with the age but gender may not be associated. The most prevalent form of periodontal disease is gingivitis.

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Diabetic mellitus is a burning issue in medical ground. If Pulp or periapical pathology develops on diabetic patient, it may need extra attention to manage by root canal treatment. Because very often diabetic patients develop hyperglycemia, leading complex immune response and enhanced virulence of certain microorganism and commonly cause exaggerbration of inter appointment clinical complain like, pain and swelling known as flare-up. The purpose of this study was to clinically examine the development of endodontic flare-up following endodontic intervention in control and in diabetic patient group. In the present study, overall incidence of inter-appointment flare-up in diabetic patients was found to be 19% whereas in non-diabetic group, incidence was 8% that was almost half to the diabetic group. So, this study conclude that root canal treatment can be comfortably done in controlled diabetic patient but need extra care during endodontic treatment if the patient is suffered from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.

Ossifying fibroma is a benign neoplasm of bone and often considered a type of fibro-osseous lesion. It can affect both the mandible and the maxilla, particularly the mandible. Radiologically it presents as a mixed radiodense and radiolucent lesion that is well demarcated from normal bone and histopathologically it consists of highly cellular, fibrous tissue that contains varying amounts of calcified tissue resembling bone, cementum or both. The treatment consists in completely removing the lesion with curettage, surgical excision or en-block resection, depending on the size and location of the lesion. The aim of this study is to analyse the clinicopathological characteristics of ossifying fibroma and provide a proper management system. Materials and methods - The prospective study was performed in the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial surgery, Dhaka Dental College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from a period of January 2015 to January 2019. All patients were selected for this study based on clinical, radiological and histopathological confirmation of ossifying fibroma. The management of each case and follow-up data were documented. Result and observations - A total number of 25 patients of ossifying fibroma were selected for this study. The mean age of ossifying fibroma were 30.35 years with an age range 12 to 57 years. Female17 (57%) represented the majority of the affected patients and more common in the mandible (60%).The radiographic appearances of ossifying fibroma presented 17(68%) mixed type and 18(72%) well-defined borders. Bone expansion 19(76%), tooth displacement 09(36%) and root resorption 10(40%) were observed in ossifying fibroma. Surgical resection, enucleation and curettage were treatment of choice in ossifying fibroma. Conclusion - Ossifying fibroma occurs more commonly in women in the 2nd to 4th decade of life and presents a painless bony swelling and deformity in mandible and maxilla. Frequently it shows as a mixed radiographic image that is well demarcated from normal bone. The treatment consists in completely removing the lesion with curettage, surgical excision or en-block resection, depending on the size and location of the lesion in ossifying fibroma.

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of linea alba buccalis in Bangladeshi population. Objective: To study the prevalence of frictional keratosis encompassed by the particular age groups with and without parafunctional habits. Background: Linea alba buccalis is a thickened whitish line on the buccal mucosa at the horizontal of the occlusal plane extending from the corners of the mouth to the posterior teeth. It is usually correlated with the frictional activity of the teeth and may be emphasized by cheek biting or parafunction. The appearance is caused by a keratosis of the epithelial tissue, which cannot be rubbed off. It is asymptomatic and is frequently present bilaterally. The condition does not require treatment. Logic: Linea alba buccalis being common finding, it may also found in individuals who chew tobacco, a thorough analysis of the prevalence along with the various contributing factors would assist in prompt treatment and prevent further complications.

The squamous odontogenic tumor (SOT) is exceptionally rare, benign, locally infiltrative neoplasm of the jaws originating from the rests of Malassez, gingival surface epithelium or from remnants of the dental lamina which is asymptomatic in nature, may present with symptoms of pain and tooth mobility. Radiographic appearance shows a triangular-shaped unilocular radiolucency associated with the roots of erupted, vital teeth. Common site of this tumor is anterior maxilla and the posterior mandible. Histologically, the formation of variable sized nests and cords of uniform, benign-appearing, squamous epithelium with occasional characterize the tumor Vacuolization and keratinization. Here we will present a case of squamous odontogenic tumor (SOT) occurring in a12 years-old female in the left side of upper jaw.

Background: LSTR therapy is considered as one of the most widely accepted clinical procedure for the treatment of permanent tooth with irreversible pulpitis with minimum destruction of tooth tissue Objective: To evaluate the clinical and radiographic findings of permanent tooth with irreversible pulpitis by LSTR 3Mix MP therapy and compare with conventional root canal therapy. Methods: According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 40 teeth were enrolled in this study, out of which 20 teeth treated with LSTR 3Mix MP Therapy, (Group-I) and the remaining 20 teeth treated with conventional root canal therapy (Group-2). Clinical and radiological Follow up examinations were performed at 3, 6- and 12-months interval to investigate the incidence of postoperative pain, tenderness to percussion, swelling and periodical radiolucency, collected date was analyzed by using Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17. Statistical analysis was performed by Chisquare test to assess the difference between the clinical outcome of Group 1 and 2; a value of P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: At 3 months observation period, LSTR and Conventional root canal therapy showed 100% success rate in treating teeth with irreversible pulpits; neither pain nor any tenderness on percussion or post-operative swelling was observed. Radiographic examination also revealed no sign of radiolucent area. At 6 and 12 months following the completion of the treatment, except in one case in each observation period, there results were similar to that of 3 months. One LSTR (5%) and one conventional (5%) therapy reported pain, tenderness on percussion and swelling with peripical lesion. There were no statistical differences between the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusions: It can be concluded that LSTR 3 Mix MP Therapy proved to be effective in treating teeth with irreversible pulpitis; with similar clinical and radiological outcome to conventional root canal treatment within one-year observation period.

Background: A healthy mouth enables people to eat, speak and socialize without pain, discomfort or embarrassment. The Oral cavity is a portal of entry and the site for microbial infections that affect overall health status; Oral diseases are one of the most prevalent diseases, endangering our health and safety. Objectives: the objective of this study was to identify oral hygiene practiced by school children in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study carried out among 474 students of class IX of at randomly selected Schools in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The samples were collected by purposive sampling technique and a structured questionnaire considering objectives of the study was used to collect data, Data were collected by faceto- face interview of the students, SPSS software (version 19) was used to analyze the data, and descriptive statistics and chi-square test were done. Results: Maximum, {274(57.8%)} children brushed their teeth every day at age of 5 to 10) years, and 233 (49.2%) children Brushed their teeth at morning and night, Relationship between age and oral hygiene practice is statistically significant (P value 0.03). Male and female are relatively same in oral hygiene practice. Most of {438(92.4%)} the children clean teeth with tooth brush and tooth paste, 243(51.3%) children used tooth brush in upward and downward direction. Conclusion: Age, parents’ education, teachers, others personnel’s and media are important factors to motivate the children to maintain oral hygiene regularly, property and using teeth cleaning devices and materials.

New materials are being introduced to address the need for restoring both carious and non carious (caused by a combination of abrasion, erosion and abfraction) lesions. In an era when more and more patients are retaining their natural dentition, the need for this restoration is increasing. The ideal materials should be adhesive, tooth colored and abrasion-resistant Materials and Methods: Seven disc samples of Compomer, Giomer & Composite restorative materials were prepared for measurement of compressive strength. Results: The value of Compressive strength of Giomer becomes high in comparison to Compomer but not significant in comparison to Composite.

Background: Children with disabilities and special needs present unique challenges for oral health professionals in the planning and carrying out of dental treatment. oral health care workers need to take cognizance of when preparing treatment plans for children with special needs. Children with disabilities are considered to be a high risk group for dental diseases specially dental caries and periodontal disease. High rates of dental caries, missing teeth, periodontal disease and malocclusion are all indicators of poor oral health of children with disabilities. Objectives:The aim of the study was to assess the oral health status of disabled children in special schools of Dhaka city. Study design: This was a cross sectional study. Study settings and period: The study was conducted in two elementary schools at mirpur area of Dhaka city in the period between of between february 2014 to January 2015. Subjects: 200 disabled children with the age range from 6 to 14 belonging to six different disability groups were examined. Participants were grouped according to their type of disability autistic children, Down syndrome, Cerebralpulsy, mute and deaf, blind and physical disability. Methods: Data was collected by using semi structured quationnaire and checklist.Datawere analyzed by statistical package of social science(SPSS- 20). Results: According to disability the participants autistic 44%, cerebral pulsy 37%, down syndrome 35%, blind 28%, deaf and mute 30% and physical disability 30%.The average number of decayed tooth was found 6.89%. Mean DMFT value was 4.75. Average number of missing tooth was 1.89%.Prevalence of dental caries highest 71% in autistic children then other cetagory of disabilty .Oral hygiene practice of the respondent found very poor.76% children brush teeth in the morning and once in a day.49% respondent use toothpick to clean food from in between teeth.37% of the respondent never visited to dentist. 34.5% respondents had normal gingiva, 49% had mild gingivitis and 16.5% had marked gingivitis. Highest numbers of trauma cases were recorded in visually impaired group. 98.7% children required some form of dental treatment. Conclusion: Oral health status of children with disabilities was poor and it is important to concentrate on a preventive approach and provide proper dental education to parents of disabled childrens. More attention should be paid to the oral hygiene practice of disabled children

Background: White spot lesions (enamel demineralization) is one of the most common and a significant risk associated with orthodontic treatment. Objective: To determine the prevalence of white spot lesion during fixed orthodontic treatment. Method: This prospective observational study and was conducted in the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics from January 2016 to December 2017 over a period of two years. Patients with fixed orthodontic appliance age between 12-30 years of both sex attended for follow up were included in this study. After taking written consent, a questionnaire included socio-demographic data, clinical and outcome variables including routine clinical photographs to examine WSL were filled up for each patient. Routine clinical photographs to examine WSL were taken after 6 months and 12 months of fixing orthodontics appliance. Qualitative data were expressed as frequency distribution and percentage. Results: Maximum patients were in age group 12 – 16 years and prevalence of WSL was also sought maximum in this group. Out of 36 cases with WSL, 14 (38.9%) were male and 22 (61.1%) were female. Prevalence of WSL after six month of fixing orthodontic appliance was 21.8% and 26.1% after 12 months. Prevalence of WSL after six month of fixing orthodontic appliance in male was 26.4% & in female was 19.6% and after 12 month of fixing orthodontic appliance it was 30.2% in male and 24.1% in female. After six months of fixing orthodontic appliance 1-3 WSLs was found in 17.0% cases and = 4 WSLs in 4.8% cases. After twelve months of fixing orthodontic appliance 1-3 WSLs was found in 19.4% cases and = 4 WSLs in 6.7% cases. Maximum WSL was found in maxillary incisors. Conclusion: This study showed that 21.8% of the study subjects developed white spot lesions during orthodontic procedure and incisors were the most common affected teeth.

Erythema multiforme is a reactive mucocutaneous disorder which is an acute, self-limiting, inflammatory disorder characterized by degrees of blistering and ulceration. This disorder is created hypersensitivity reaction which is triggered by certain infection, medication , food additives or chemicals. We report a case of erythema multiforme managed with prophylactic valacyclovir and systemic corticosteroid. An 47 years old female patients had lesions in the oral cavity, lips, hand and ear which had been diagnosed as erythema multiforme minor. This was not related to drug intake; it was related to food intake. We can treat this disease with valacyclovir for 2weeks to control this disorder.

Healthcare professionals have been immediately involved in the national emergency & working hard, often day and night. It is very pathetic that unfortunately, some of them have also become infected, and some have lost their life. Dentists are usually the first line of diagnosis, as they work in close contact with patients. On 15 March 2020, the New York Times published an article with the title “The Workers Who Face the Greatest Coronavirus Risk”, where an impressive schematic figure described that dentists are the workers most exposed to the risk of being affected by COVID-19, much more than nurses and general physicians 1. Therefore, for this, a dentist should take precautions before delivering the treatment. American Dental Association (ADA) has given a guideline regarding treatment protocol during this critical situation. https://www.ada.org/en/press-room/news-releases/2020-archives/april/summary-of-ada-guidance-during-the-covid-19-crisis?, FDI World Dental Federation, also have published a guideline for an oral professional during this COVID-19 outbreak. https://www.fdiworlddental.org/covid-19-outbreak-guidance-for-oral-health-professionals. Before consultation or service provided by the oral health professional, Patient evaluation by structural questionnaire may help a dentist to prevent contamination and early detection of COVID-19 patients.

Developing country like Bangladesh among 90% of oral malignant neoplasm are arising from squamous layer of oral epithelium which are third leading of this country with severe disfiguration, functiolaesa, psychological impairments and socio-economic hardship. In this study we found the prevalence of OSCC was 6.5% among total cancer patients in the two tertiary level hospitals of Bogura. Male (70%) are affected more than in females (30%). In response to male and female parameter, sex distribution ratio was 2.3:1. The prevalent average age was 55.40 years. About 80% of ulcer site was buccal mucosa then 10 % were lip mucosa. About 80% people were habituated by betel nut, leaf with tobacco chewers. Moreover 46.7% of them were maltreated by quack doctors before. Majority of the patient was in Grade II (56.7%). Correlation between variable in respect of age and cancer grading was explained. According to these study OSCC patients in north bangle region like Bogura was quite high on ( significant p-value = 0.05). Description of oral squamous cell carcinoma on the basis of demographic and clinical profile was the major aim . Most of the cases report with intermediate grade of the disease which often leads to decrease the chance of survival of a patient. So new strategies should be considered to overcome the present situation must be undertaken by oral health programs for the early diagnosis and prevention, build up awareness and management and follow up of oral cancer.

Background:Pulp capping is a treatment that enables pulp to recover and maintain its vitality and function by applying a protective agent to an exposed pulp. Ca (OH)2 has been considered the gold standard for this procedure. Despite its wide use, Ca (OH)2 is not ideally suited for pulp capping. Recently ledermix cement used for indirect pulp capping material in the outer world broadly.Objective: To assess the clinical and radiological evidence of the formation of secondary dentin and compare the degree of short time post operating pain after indirect pulp treatment. Methods: A Randomized control trial in vivo study was directed in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University for one year (January 2012-January 2013). We took the patients with 40 deep carious permanent teeth as a sample. The selected teeth were divided into two test groups. All odd number teeth (20) were included in group-1(where pulp capping was done with ledermix cement). All even number teeth (20) were included in group-2(where pulp capping was done with Ca(OH)2). We assessed all the patients clinically and radiographically at the interval of 3, 6, and 12 months simultaneously for the assessment of dentinal bridge formation and also collected data was analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 17.Results: Among the full scale 40 models, ledermix (20) and Ca(OH)2(20), minor to direct irritaion of the teeth was experienced premium to treatment and found comparable in the two gatherings. Regardless, after 24 hrs of treatment, this value was shockingly higher in the Ca(OH)2 (p<0.01)group than in the Ledermix gathering (p < 0.001, t-test). Following 7 days, there was no basic differentiation between them. Follow up evaluation revealed, failure of 3 teeth treated with Ca(OH)2 and 2 teeth treated with ledermix due to pain and swelling. The remaining 35 teeth radiated an impression of being clinically and radiologically successful a year postoperatively.Conclusion: No post-operative pain was experienced in both groups in the long term. However, within the first hours after cementation, there was a sensation of pain significantly higher in the Ca(OH)2 group than in the Ledermix group. Ledermix can be considered a predictable treatment and may be an alternative to calcium hydroxide in indirect pulp capping.

Aim: The focus of the education was to assess the success between localanesthetic infiltration injection and inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia in extraction of Chronic periodontitis mandibular posterior teeth. Methods: 100 patients aged between 13 and 73 years who attended the Department of Dental surgery, BIRDEM General Hospital for extraction of advance periodontitis of mandibular molars were included in this study. For the infiltration anesthetic technique, patient’s approval was taken. The patients were equally divided into two groups. Group (1) received 0.6 ml out of 1.8 ml of 2% lidocaine with 1:80000 adrenaline injection bucally and the same amount infiltration lingually opposite the intended tooth. Group (2) received 1.5 ml out of 1.8 ml of 2% lidocaine with 1:80000 and the remaining 0.3 ml was injected for long buccal nerve anesthesia. Results: In this Study we found 88% patients were pain free and Group-2 94% patients were pain free During extraction of Advance periodontitis of mandibular molars. P-value was 0.138 and it was not < 0.05. So it was not significant. On the other side 103 patients out of 113 were pain free in male and 79 patients out of 87 were pain free in female and 6 patients out of 87 were feeling pain during tooth extraction of advance periodontitis of mandibular molars. P-value was 0.138 and it was not < 0.05. So it was not significant. Conclusion: Infiltration anesthesia for non-vital mandibular molars is effective as a substitute for inferior alveolar block technique.

Globulomaxillary cyst found in between the roots of lateral incisor and canine of maxilla and is a non-odontogenic developmental origin. It is usually diagnosed by routine radiographic examination and it is inverted peer shaped radiolucent lesion. Adjacent teeth remain vital. Complete enucleation or marsupialization is a treatment option for this. This case report is to observe the expected results after marsupialization followed by enucleation. An eighteen years old boy noticed a painless swelling for 1 year at the left side of upper lip and we performed surgery enucleation after doing marsupialization. Here, marsupialization done to promote bone regeneration and to avoid injury to vital structures and possible fracture. Patient was followed for 3 months after enucleation and the radiolucent area was gradually reduced.This article reports the management of a globulomaxillary cyst in at two-stage procedure and it was more conservative. It might be a good treatment option for management of globulomaxillary cyst.

Aim: The focus of the education was to assess the success between localanesthetic infiltration injection and inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia in extraction of Chronic periodontitis mandibular posterior teeth. Methods: 100 patients aged between 13 and 73 years who attended the Department of Dental surgery, BIRDEM General Hospital for extraction of advance periodontitis of mandibular molars were included in this study. For the infiltration anesthetic technique, patient’s approval was taken. The patients were equally divided into two groups. Group (1) received 0.6 ml out of 1.8 ml of 2% lidocaine with 1:80000 adrenaline injection bucally and the same amount infiltration lingually opposite the intended tooth. Group (2) received 1.5 ml out of 1.8 ml of 2% lidocaine with 1:80000 and the remaining 0.3 ml was injected for long buccal nerve anesthesia. Results: In this Study we found 88% patients were pain free and Group-2 94% patients were pain free During extraction of Advance periodontitis of mandibular molars. P-value was 0.138 and it was not < 0.05. So it was not significant. On the other side 103 patients out of 113 were pain free in male and 79 patients out of 87 were pain free in female and 6 patients out of 87 were feeling pain during tooth extraction of advance periodontitis of mandibular molars. P-value was 0.138 and it was not < 0.05. So it was not significant. Conclusion: Infiltration anesthesia for non-vital mandibular molars is effective as a substitute for inferior alveolar block technique.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT) is an extremely rare, benign softtissue lesion of unknown aetiology and pathogenesis that mimics malignant lesions clinically and radiologically found in the maxillofacial region. It occurs primarily in the lungs but occurred in other extra-pulmonary sites. Histologically these lesions appear as an inflammatory infiltrate within a variable of myofibrotic background. The current mode of treatment for inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT) is surgical excision with regular follow up. In this case report a 40 years old female presented with an intraosseous inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT) in the left side of mandible which was treated by surgical excision of the lesion. This article also describes the clinicopathological features and treatment of a case of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT) of the mandible.

People with diabetes are more likely to have periodontal diseases than people without diabetes. Periodontal disease is often considered a complication of diabetes. On the other hand, severe periodontal disease can increase blood glucose levels. Special care and management protocol need to be addressed to patients with diabetes during periodontal therapy. Systemic antibiotics in conjunction with scaling and root planning can offer an additional benefit over SRP alone in the treatment of periodontitis. This review aims to evaluate the significance of antibiotic prophylaxis for diabetic patients with the periodontal disease before 1 hour/ 1-2 days of phase 1 periodontal therapy. The goal of antibiotic prophylaxis is to prevent the onset of injections through the entranceway provided by the therapeutic action. But currently, no established guidelines are in place for antibiotic prophylaxis before periodontal therapy.

Mandibular defects may occur from maxillofacial injury, inflammatory disease, benign or malignant tumour resections and osteoradionecrosis. Mastication, speech and facial disfigurement are often severely compromised without reconstruction leading to poor quality of life. The goal of mandibular reconstruction is to restore facial form and function, repair of mandibular continuity and soft tissue reanimation. Implant insertion should be feasible to allow occlusal rehabilitation and if possible the inferior alveolar nerve function should be restored. Mandibular reconstruction principles and techniques have evolved dramatically over the years. Refinements in techniques continue to improve patient quality of life. This paper reviews short history, current techniques and few promising future endevours related to mandibular reconstruction.